Chinese scientist who sparked an international outcry after announcing that he helped to create the world's first genetically edited babies has publicly defended his actions at a summit in Hong Kong.
Speaking in front of a packed hall of around 700 people at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing on Wednesday, He Jiankui said he felt "proud" of his work.
He, a professor at the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, claims that his lab edited embryonic genes for seven couples undergoing in-vitro fertilization, using a tool known as CRISPR-cas9, which can insert or deactivate certain genes.
In a video posted to YouTube on Monday, He said that as a result of that intervention, two ostensibly healthy twin girls were born with their DNA altered to make them resistant to HIV "a few weeks ago."
"For this specific case, I feel proud. I feel proudest, because they had lost hope for life," said He, referring to the parents of the twins, the father of whom is believed to carry HIV.
"But with this protection, he (the father) sent a message saying he will work hard, earn money, and take care of his two daughters and his wife."
He opened the presentation by thanking his school, the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, "though they were unaware of the study conducted," he said.
When asked about the costs, He claimed to have personally covered all expenses associated with the patients' medical care. He also admitted that that some of the sequencing costs were covered by startup funding from his university.
He said his research has been submitted to a scientific journal for review, without naming the publication and apologized for the result leaking "unexpectedly."
He's research has raised serious ethical questions around the transparency of gene editing and sparked calls for a global consensus as the pace of genetic editing technology outstrips the ability to make new laws or regulations.
In an question answer session after the presentation, He said he conducted two rounds of informed consent with the parents, including explaining that by removing the gene, known as CCR5, the babies could be vulnerable to other infections such as West Nile virus, though the informed consent form does not mention this.
The volunteers were found through an HIV/AIDs volunteer group, he said.
However, many of those in attendance at the Hong Kong conference have pointed out that while there are no global regulations in place outlawing He's actions, his alleged use of CRISPR-cas9 represents a clear break with convention.
"There's a fairly tight consensus from what is and is not acceptable in genome editing as of now, and He's reported work represents a departure from that," said David R Liu, professor of chemistry and chemical biology at Harvard University, who has pioneered improving versions of CRISPR.
The conference, which is attended by leaders in the fields of genetics, ethics, as well as policy makers, is expected to issue a statement on the development during its closing session, Thursday.
After He's presentation, chair of conference David Baltimore, said the research was not medically necessary as there are other treatments for HIV. Baltimore criticized He's lack of transparency and referred to an agreement made at the 2015 conference that said it would be irresponsible to use such genetic-editing until safety issues had been dealt with.
China a leading player
China has invested heavily in gene-editing technology, with the government bankrolling research into a number of world "firsts," including the first use of the gene-editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 in humans in 2016 and the first reported use of gene editing technology to modify nonviable human embryos in 2015.
Last year, China spent a record 1.76 trillion yuan ($254 billion) on research and development, and the country is catching up with the US's investment in the same area, spurring a genetic arms race that has been labeled "Sputnik 2.0" by Dr. Carl June, an immunotherapy specialist at the University of Pennsylvania.
However, in a joint statement issued Monday, more than 120 Chinese scientists condemned He's use of the CRISPR-Cas9 tool as a "huge blow" to the reputation of Chinese biomedical research.
"It's extremely unfair to Chinese scientists who are diligent, innovative and defending the bottom line of scientific ethics," they wrote, adding that "directly experimenting on human is nothing but crazy ... as soon as a living human is produced, no one could predict what kind of impact it will bring, as the modified inheritable substance will inevitably blend into human genome pool."
The Chinese government has also ordered an "immediate investigation" into He's claims.
The government investigation follows moves by both the hospital named in He's ethical approval documents, and the university he is affiliated with, to deny involvement in the procedures.
In a separate development, on Wednesday, Rice University said it was investigating bioengineering professor Michael Deem after he was quoted in media reports as having been involved with he's work.
Deem was He's adviser at Rice for more than three years and published three papers with He.
"This research raises troubling scientific, legal and ethical questions," said Doug Miller, director of Rice University's media relations team. In a statement, Miller said Rice had "no knowledge of this work."
Unknown consequences
At the forefront of global concerns is that gene editing technology is still in its infancy and there could be huge unknown consequences of using it in human embryos that go onto deliver.
Feng Zhang, one of the inventors of the gene-editing technique CRISPR and member of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard has called for a moratorium on using CRISPR to edit the genes of babies.
"Its a wake up call for the field to be more vigilant," he told CNN at the conference Wednesday. "These are not things that we should be doing right now."
Despite ethical concerns, a recent study suggested that the Chinese public is broadly in favor of using gene-editing for medical purposes. An online survey conducted by Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangzhou found that more than two-thirds of the 4,771 people surveyed (575 of whom reportedly have HIV), supported its use in treating diseases, according to the state-run tabloid Global Times.
"(Chinese people) have a high willingness to use of gene in disease prevention and treatment," Liang Chen, a professor at Sun Yat-Sen University was quoted as saying. "This suggests that the research of gene editing in China not only has a promising potential, but also is responding to the public's needs."
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